The U.N. & Civilian Protection in S Sudan: Past, Present, Future…

JUBA, Sudan—As the Southern Sudanese army’s fight continues against rebel forces it claims are backed by the Khartoum government, the question of how everyday southerners caught in the crossfire can and should be protected is becoming increasingly urgent.

I reported last week (http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2011/03/11/AR2011031102920.html) for the Associated Press on how the U.N. mission in Sudan may be ceding ground on its relatively robust civilian protection mandate. According to an internal U.N. document’s account of recent events, the U.N. peacekeeping mission accepted the Sudan People’s Liberation Army’s “demand” that the U.N. cease all operations in a “no-go” zone specified by the army due to its own military campaign against George Athor, a southern rebel commander who launched a revolt against the southern government after losing his bid to be governor of volatile Jonglei state in last April’s elections.

This is not the first time the U.N. mission has come under fire for failing to intervene to protect civilians “under imminent threat of physical violence,” to quote the Chapter VII element of the mission’s mandate (http://www.un.org/en/peacekeeping/missions/unmis/mandate.shtml). Another notable instance was in 2009, when intercommunal violence—which largely took the form of armed cattle-raiding—killed some 2,500 southerners. In that case, the blue helmets could in theory have come in to protect villagers in places like Jonglei state who came under attack from armed raiders seeking to steal their cattle or cause them other harm. In practice, despite U.N. attempts to preemptively protect civilians by setting up “temporary operating bases” in particularly vulnerable locations, little on-the-spot intervention occurred when violence broke out.

In this latest instance of UNMIS taking heat on protection issues, the challenges are clearly different. The southern army has declared war on an intransigent rebel movement posing serious security threats within its territory and the U.N. mission has, at least for the moment, stepped aside to let this operation go ahead, turning its head at least a little to the side to avoid noticing the likely collateral damages that will accrue to civilians unable to escape the army-rebel violence on their doorsteps.

Civilian protection is not a cut-and-dry affair, and word in the southern capital of Juba is that the U.N. is attempting to renegotiate access into the “no-go areas” it accepted to stay out of ten days ago, but at the very least the current quandary illustrates the myriad challenges that tend to block success in peacekeeping missions saddled with “PoC” responsibilities.

Another reason why these issues are particularly relevant in Southern Sudan at the moment is that less than four months before Southern Sudan declares independence and becomes the world’s newest country, some key players in the U.N.’s New York-based Department of Peacekeeping Operations are here in the south scoping out what “the future of UNMIS” looks like. In fact, the mission will not be called UNMIS, since it will be a whole new mission with a new mandate and arrangement with the newly sovereign Southern Sudanese government. More on all this over the coming weeks…